avares à votre égard. Puis, quand leur vient la peur, tu les vois te regarder avec des yeux révulsés, comme ceux de quelqu'un qui s'est évanoui par peur de la mort. Une fois la peur passée, ils vous lacèrent avec des langues affilées, alors qu'ils sont chiches à faire le bien. Ceux-là n'ont jamais cru. Allah donc, rend vaines leurs actions. Et cela est facile à Allah.
Muhammad Hamidullah · FR
Indisposed toward you. And when fear comes, you see them looking at you, their eyes revolving like one being overcome by death. But when fear departs, they lash you with sharp tongues, indisposed toward [any] good. Those have not believed, so Allah has rendered their deeds worthless, and ever is that, for Allah, easy.
Sahih International · EN
Tafsir
Ô ensemble des croyants, ils sont avares de leurs richesses avec vous et ne les dépensent donc pas pour vous venir en aide, avares de leurs personnes et ne combattent pas à vos côtés. Ils sont également avares de leur amour et ne vous aiment pas. Lorsqu’ils font face à l’ennemi, ils te regardent, ô Messager, leurs regards vacillent comme s’ils étaient à l’article de la mort puis lorsque leur peur se dissipe et qu’ils sont de nouveau en sécurité, ils s’en prennent à vous avec des paroles offensantes et à cause de leur avarice, ils sont à l’affut du butin. Ceux qui possèdent ces caractéristiques n’ont jamais eu la foi en réalité et Allah invalide la récompense de leurs œuvres. Ceci est assurément une action facile pour Allah.
Al-Mukhtasar fi Tafsir al-Quran · Tafsir Center for Quranic StudiesLire Ibn Kathir (Ibn Kathir (abrégé, en anglais))
Allah already knows those among you who keep back (men) from fighting (in Allah's cause), and those who say to their brethren, "Come here towards us," while they come not to the battle except a little (18)Being miserly towards you. Then when fear comes, you will see them looking to you, their eyes revolving like one over whom hovers death; but when the fear departs, they will smite you with sharp tongues, miserly towards good. Such have not believed. Therefore, Allah makes their deeds fruitless and that is ever easy for Allah.) Allah tells us that His knowledge encompasses those who sought to tell others not to go out and who said to their brethren, meaning their companions, friend and acquaintance (19)
هَلُمَّ إِلَيْنَا
(Come here towards us,) meaning, come to where we are in the shade and enjoying fruits. But in spite of that,
وَلَا يَأْتُونَ الْبَأْسَ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا - أَشِحَّةً عَلَيْكُمْ
(they come not to the battle except a little, being miserly towards you.) i.e., 'they are mean and have no love or mercy towards you.' As-Suddi said:
أَشِحَّةً عَلَيْكُمْ ۖ
(Being miserly towards you.) means, with the booty.
فَإِذَا جَاءَ الْخَوْفُ رَأَيْتَهُمْ يَنْظُرُونَ إِلَيْكَ تَدُورُ أَعْيُنُهُمْ كَالَّذِي يُغْشَىٰ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْمَوْتِ ۖ
(Then when fear comes, you will see them looking to you, their eyes revolving like one over whom hovers death;) means, because of the intensity of their fear and terror; this is how afraid these cowards are of fighting.
فَإِذَا ذَهَبَ الْخَوْفُ سَلَقُوكُمْ بِأَلْسِنَةٍ حِدَادٍ
(but when the fear departs, they will smite you with sharp tongues,) means, when security is restored, they will speak eloquently and nicely, claiming that they were the bravest and most chivalrous of men, but they are lying. Ibn 'Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, said:
سَلَقُوكُمْ
(they will smite you) means, "they will start to talk about you." Qatadah said: "But when it comes to the booty, the most miserly of people and the worst to have to share the booty with are those who say, 'Give us, give us, we were there with you,' but during battle they were the most cowardly and the most likely to fail to support the truth." They are miserly towards good, meaning that there is no goodness in them, for they have combined cowardice with lies and little good. Allah says:
أُولَٰئِكَ لَمْ يُؤْمِنُوا فَأَحْبَطَ اللَّهُ أَعْمَالَهُمْ ۚ وَكَانَ ذَٰلِكَ عَلَى اللَّهِ يَسِيرًا
(Such have not believed. Therefore Allah makes their deeds fruitless and that is ever easy for Allah.)
يَحْسَبُونَ الْأَحْزَابَ لَمْ يَذْهَبُوا ۖ وَإِنْ يَأْتِ الْأَحْزَابُ يَوَدُّوا لَوْ أَنَّهُمْ بَادُونَ فِي الْأَعْرَابِ يَسْأَلُونَ عَنْ أَنْبَائِكُمْ ۖ وَلَوْ كَانُوا فِيكُمْ مَا قَاتَلُوا إِلَّا قَلِيلًا
(20. They think that the Confederates have not yet withdrawn; and if the Confederates should come, they would wish they were in the deserts among the bedouins, seeking news about you; and if they were to be among you, they would not fight but little.) This is another aspect of their abhorrent attribute of cowardice and fear:
يَحْسَبُونَ الْأَحْزَابَ لَمْ يَذْهَبُوا ۖ
(They think that the Confederates have not yet withdrawn;) and that they are still close by and will return.
وَإِنْ يَأْتِ الْأَحْزَابُ يَوَدُّوا لَوْ أَنَّهُمْ بَادُونَ فِي الْأَعْرَابِ يَسْأَلُونَ عَنْ أَنْبَائِكُمْ ۖ
(and if the Confederates should come, they would wish they were in the deserts among the bedouins, seeking news about you;) means, 'if the Confederates should come back, they hope that they will not be present with you in Al-Madinah, but that they will be in the desert, asking about news of you and what happened to you with your enemy.'
وَلَوْ كَانُوا فِيكُمْ مَا قَاتَلُوا إِلَّا قَلِيلًا
(and if they were to be among you, they would not fight but little.) means, 'if they are among you, they will not fight alongside you very much,' because they are so cowardly and weak, and have so little faith, but Allah knows best about them.
Texte arabe : Tanzil (uthmani). Traductions : Muhammad Hamidullah (fr), Sahih International (en). tanzil.net