Ils t'interrogent sur les nouvelles lunes - Dis: «Elles servent aux gens pour compter le temps, et aussi pour le hajj [pèlerinage]. Et ce n'est pas un acte de bienfaisance que de rentrer chez vous par l'arrière des maisons. Mais la bonté pieuse consiste à craindre Allah. Entrez donc dans les maisons par leurs portes. Et craignez Allah, afin que vous réussissiez!
Muhammad Hamidullah · FR
They ask you, [O Muhammad], about the new moons. Say, "They are measurements of time for the people and for Hajj." And it is not righteousness to enter houses from the back, but righteousness is [in] one who fears Allah. And enter houses from their doors. And fear Allah that you may succeed.
Sahih International · EN
Tafsir
Ô Messager, ils te questionnent au sujet de la formation des différentes phases lunaires et de leur évolution. Donne-leur la raison de cela en répondant: Ces phases servent de repère temporel pour les gens afin qu’ils connaissent les horaires de leurs adorations, comme les mois du pèlerinage, le mois du jeûne, l’achèvement de l’année pour l’acquittement de l’aumône légale ainsi que l’avènement des délais dans les transactions comme les délais de remboursement ou le délai de remise du prix du sang… La bonté et le bien ne consistent pas à entrer chez vous par l’arrière de vos demeures au moment de vous sacraliser pour le Petit ou le Grand Pèlerinage, comme vous le prétendiez durant l’époque préislamique, mais la véritable bonté c’est de craindre Allah extérieurement et intérieurement. Entrer dans vos maisons en passant par la porte de devant est plus aisé et moins pénible pour vous… Allah ne désire pas vous rendre les choses difficiles et pénibles. Préservez-vous du châtiment d’Allah en accomplissant de bonnes œuvres, il se peut que vous réussissiez et obteniez ce que vous désirez et échappiez à ce que vous craignez.
Al-Mukhtasar fi Tafsir al-Quran · Tafsir Center for Quranic StudiesLire Ibn Kathir (Ibn Kathir (abrégé, en anglais))
They ask you (O Muhammad) about the crescents. Say: "These are signs to mark fixed periods of time for mankind and for the pilgrimage." It is not Al-Birr (piety, righteousness, etc.) that you enter the houses from the back, but Al-Birr is from Taqwa. So enter houses through their proper doors, and have Taqwa of Allah that you may be successful (189)
The Crescent Moons
Al-'Awfi related that Ibn 'Abbas said, "The people asked Allah's Messenger ﷺ about the crescent moons. Thereafter, this Ayah was revealed:
يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْأَهِلَّةِ قُلْ هِيَ مَوَاقِيتُ لِلنَّاسِ
(They ask you (O Muhammad) about the crescents. Say, "These are signs to mark fixed periods of time for mankind...) so that they mark their acts of worship, the 'Iddah (the period of time a divorced woman or a widow is required to wait before remarrying) of their women and the time of their Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah)." 'Abdur-Razzaq reported that Ibn 'Umar narrated that Allah's Messenger ﷺ said:
جَعَلَ اللهُ الْأَهِلَّةَ مَوَاقِيتَ لِلنَّاسِ، فَصُومُوا لِرُؤْيَتِهِ، وَأَفْطِرُوا لِرُؤْيَتِهِ، فَإِنْ غُمَّ عَلَيْكُمْ فَعُدُّوا ثَلَاثِينَ يَوْمًا
(Allah has made the crescents signs to mark fixed periods of time for mankind. Hence, fast on seeing it (the crescent for Ramadan) and break the fast on seeing it (the crescent for Shawwal). If it (the crescent) was obscure to you then count thirty days (mark that month as thirty days).)
This Hadith was also collected by Al-Hakim in his Mustadrak, and he said, "The chain is Sahih, and they (Al-Bukhari and Muslim) did not recorded it."
Righteousness comes from Taqwa
Allah said:
وَلَيْسَ الْبِرُّ بِأَن تَأْتُوا الْبُيُوتَ مِن ظُهُورِهَا وَلَٰكِنَّ الْبِرَّ مَنِ اتَّقَىٰ وَأْتُوا الْبُيُوتَ مِنْ أَبْوَابِهَا
(It is not Al-Birr (piety, righteousness, etc.) that you enter the houses from the back, but Al-Birr is from Taqwa. So enter houses through their proper doors.)
Al-Bukhari recorded that Al-Bara' said, "During the time of Jahiliyyah, they used to enter the house from the back upon assuming the Ihram. Thereafter, Allah revealed (the following Ayah):
وَلَيْسَ الْبِرُّ بِأَن تَأْتُوا الْبُيُوتَ مِن ظُهُورِهَا وَلَٰكِنَّ الْبِرَّ مَنِ اتَّقَىٰ وَأْتُوا الْبُيُوتَ مِنْ أَبْوَابِهَا
(It is not Al-Birr (piety, righteousness, etc.) that you enter the houses from the back but Al-Birr is from Taqwa. So enter houses through their proper doors.)
Abu Dawud At-Tayalisi recorded the same Hadith from Al-Bara' but with the wording; "The Ansar used to enter their houses from the back when returning from a journey. Thereafter, this Ayah (2:189 above) was revealed..."
Al-Hasan said, "When some people during the time of Jahiliyyah would leave home to travel, and then decide not to travel, they would not enter the house from its door. Rather, they would climb over the back wall. Allah the Exalted said:
وَلَيْسَ الْبِرُّ بِأَن تَأْتُوا الْبُيُوتَ مِن ظُهُورِهَا
(It is not Al-Birr (piety, righteousness) that you enter the houses from the back,)."
Allah's statement:
وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ
(...and have Taqwa of Allah that you may be successful.) Have Taqwa of Allah, means to do what He has commanded you and refrain from what He has forbidden for you,
لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ
(that you may be successful.) tomorrow when you stand before Him and He thus rewards you perfectly.
Texte arabe : Tanzil (uthmani). Traductions : Muhammad Hamidullah (fr), Sahih International (en). tanzil.net